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Star Legacy Foundation is committed to the pursuit of evidence-based practice as the key to reducing perinatal death in the United States. All Star Legacy Foundation publications, education and statements are based upon the best available evidence. In addition to research, we support many forms of evidence in healthcare including patient and provider experience.

For additional published research – search our online directory

Azpurua, H., Funai, E., Coraluzzi, L., Doherty, L., Sasson, I., Kliman, M., & Kliman, H. (2010). Determination of placental weight using two-dimensional sonography and volumetric mathematic modeling. American Journal of Perinatology27(02), 151–155. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1234034
 
Cronin, R. S., Li, M., Thompson, J. M. D., Gordon, A., Raynes-Greenow, C. H., Heazell, A. E. P., Stacey, T., Culling, V. M., Bowring, V., Anderson, N. H., O’Brien, L. M., Mitchell, E. A., Askie, L. M., & McCowan, L. M. E. (2019). An individual participant data meta-analysis of maternal going-to-sleep position, interactions with fetal vulnerability, and the risk of late stillbirth. EClinicalMedicine10, 49–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2019.03.014
 
Fisher, M. L., Whitworth, M., & Heazell, A. E. P. (2011). Green-Top Guideline 57: Reduced fetal movements. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelnes/gtg_57.pdf
 
Hasegawa, J., Matsuoka, R., Ichizuka, K., Sekizawa, A., & Okai, T. (2009). Ultrasound diagnosis and management of umbilical cord abnormalities. Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology48(1), 23–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1028-4559(09)60031-0
 
Heazell, A. E. P., Warland, J., Stacey, T., Coomarasamy, C., Budd, J., Mitchell, E. A., & O’Brien, L. M. (2017). Stillbirth is associated with perceived alterations in fetal activity – findings from an international case control study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth17(1), 369. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-017-1555-6
 
McGregor, J. A., & Perhach, M. (2021). Prenatal-onset GBS (POBGS) sepsis is a distinct cause of stillbirth and perinatal mortality. Group B Strep International. https://fr.groupbstrepinternational.org/uploads/1/1/7/3/117312377/figo_pogbs_poster_1360976.pdf
 
Metz, T. D., Berry, R. S., Fretts, R. C., Reddy, U. M., & Turrentine, M. A. (2020). Obstetric Care Consensus #10: Management of stillbirth. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology222(3), B2–B20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.01.017
 
Stacey, T., Thompson, J. M., Mitchell, E. A., Ekeroma, A. J., Zuccollo, J. M., & McCowan, L. M. (2011). Relationship between obesity, ethnicity and risk of late stillbirth: A case control study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth11(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-11-3
 
Stillbirth Collaborative Research Network Writing Group. (2011). Causes of death among stillbirths. JAMA306(22), 2459. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1823
 
Warland, J., Dorrian, J., Morrison, J. L., & O’Brien, L. M. (2018). Maternal sleep during pregnancy and poor fetal outcomes: A scoping review of the literature with meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine Reviews41, 197–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2018.03.004
 
Warland, J., McCutcheon, H., & Baghurst, P. (2008). Maternal blood pressure in pregnancy and stillbirth: A case-control study of third-trimester stillbirth. American Journal of Perinatology25(5), 311–317. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1075031
 
Wilson, B. (2008). Sonography of the placenta and umbilical cord. Radiologic Technology79(4), 333S-345S.
 
Yerlikaya, G., Akolekar, R., McPherson, K., Syngelaki, A., & Nicolaides, K. H. (2016). Prediction of stillbirth from maternal demographic and pregnancy characteristics: Prediction of stillbirth from maternal factors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology48(5), 607–612. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.17290

Azpurua, H., Funai, E., Coraluzzi, L., Doherty, L., Sasson, I., Kliman, M., & Kliman, H. (2010). Determination of placental weight ssing two-dimensional sonography and volumetric mathematic modeling. American Journal of Perinatology, 27(02), 151–155. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1234034

Cronin, R. S., Li, M., Thompson, J. M. D., Gordon, A., Raynes-Greenow, C. H., Heazell, A. E. P., Stacey, T., Culling, V. M., Bowring, V., Anderson, N. H., O’Brien, L. M., Mitchell, E. A., Askie, L. M., & McCowan, L. M. E. (2019). An individual participant data meta-analysis of maternal going-to-sleep position, interactions with fetal vulnerability, and the risk of late stillbirth. EClinicalMedicine, 10, 49–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2019.03.014

Fisher, M. L., Whitworth, M., & Heazell, A. E. P. (2011). Green-Top Guideline 57: Reduced fetal movements. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelnes/gtg_57.pdf

Hasegawa, J., Matsuoka, R., Ichizuka, K., Sekizawa, A., & Okai, T. (2009). Ultrasound diagnosis and management of umbilical cord abnormalities. Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 48(1), 23–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1028-4559(09)60031-0

Heazell, A. E. P., Warland, J., Stacey, T., Coomarasamy, C., Budd, J., Mitchell, E. A., & O’Brien, L. M. (2017). Stillbirth is associated with perceived alterations in fetal activity – findings from an international case control study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 17(1), 369. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-017-1555-6

Heazell, A. E. P., Wojcieszek, A. M., Graham, N., & Stephens, L. (2019). Care in pregnancies after stillbirth and perinatal death. International Journal of Birth and Parent Education, 6(2), 23–28.

McGregor, J. A., & Perhach, M. (2021). Prenatal-onset GBS (POBGS) sepsis is a distinct cause of stillbirth and perinatal mortality. Group B Strep International. https://fr.groupbstrepinternational.org/uploads/1/1/7/3/117312377/figo_pogbs_poster_1360976.pdf

Metz, T. D., Berry, R. S., Fretts, R. C., Reddy, U. M., & Turrentine, M. A. (2020). Obstetric Care Consensus #10: Management of stillbirth. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 222(3), B2–B20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.01.017

Mills, T., Ricklesford, C., Cooke, A., Heazell, A., Whitworth, M., & Lavender, T. (2014). Parents’ experiences and expectations of care in pregnancy after stillbirth or neonatal death: A metasynthesis. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 121(8), 943–950. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.12656

Moore, S. E., & Côté-Arsenault, D. (2018). Navigating an uncertain journey of pregnancy after perinatal loss. Illness, Crisis & Loss, 26(1), 58–74. https://doi.org/10.1177/1054137317740802

Murphy, M., Savage, E., O’Donoghue, K., Leary, J. O., & Leahy-Warren, P. (2021). Trying to conceive: An interpretive phenomenological analysis of couples’ experiences of pregnancy after stillbirth. Women and Birth, 34(5), e475–e481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2020.10.016

O’Leary, J., Parker, L., Murphy, M. M., & Warland, J. (2021). Different baby, different story: Pregnancy and parenting after loss. Rowman & Littlefield.

Stacey, T., Thompson, J. M. D., Mitchell, E. A., Ekeroma, A. J., Zuccollo, J. M., & McCowan, L. M. E. (2011). Association between maternal sleep practices and risk of late stillbirth: A case-control study. BMJ, 342(jun14 1), d3403–d3403. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d3403

Stillbirth Collaborative Research Network Writing Group. (2011). Causes of death among stillbirths. JAMA, 306(22), 2459. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1823

Warland, J., Dorrian, J., Morrison, J. L., & O’Brien, L. M. (2018). Maternal sleep during pregnancy and poor fetal outcomes: A scoping review of the literature with meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 41, 197–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2018.03.004

Warland, J., Heazell, A. E. P., Stacey, T., Coomarasamy, C., Budd, J., Mitchell, E. A., & O’Brien, L. M. (2018). “They told me all mothers have worries”, stillborn mother’s experiences of having a ‘gut instinct’ that something is wrong in pregnancy: Findings from an international case–control study. Midwifery, 62, 171–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2018.04.009

Warland, J., McCutcheon, H., & Baghurst, P. (2008). Maternal blood pressure in pregnancy and stillbirth: A case-control study of third-trimester stillbirth. American Journal of Perinatology, 25(5), 311–317. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1075031

Wilson, B. (2008). Sonography of the placenta and umbilical cord. Radiologic Technology, 79(4), 333S-345S.

 Yerlikaya, G., Akolekar, R., McPherson, K., Syngelaki, A., & Nicolaides, K. H. (2016). Prediction of stillbirth from maternal demographic and pregnancy characteristics: Prediction of stillbirth from maternal factors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology, 48(5), 607–612. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.17290

Horey, D., Flenady, V., Heazell, A. E., & Khong, T. Y. (2013). Interventions for supporting parents’ decisions about autopsy after stillbirth. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviewshttps://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009932.pub2

 
Miller, E. S., Minturn, L., Linn, R., Weese-Mayer, D. E., & Ernst, L. M. (2016). Stillbirth evaluation: A stepwise assessment of placental pathology and autopsy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology214(1), 115.e1-115.e6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2015.08.049
 
O’Donoghue, K., O’Regan, K. N., Sheridan, C. P., O’Connor, O. J., Benson, J., McWilliams, S., Moore, N., Murphy, M. J., Chopra, R., Higgins, J. R., & Maher, M. M. (2012). Investigation of the role of computed tomography as an adjunct to autopsy in the evaluation of stillbirth. European Journal of Radiology81(7), 1667–1675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2011.03.093
 
Page, J. M., Christiansen-Lindquist, L., Thorsten, V., Parker, C. B., Reddy, U. M., Dudley, D. J., Saade, G. R., Coustan, D., Rowland Hogue, C. J., Conway, D., Bukowski, R., Pinar, H., Heuser, C. C., Gibbins, K. J., Goldenberg, R. L., & Silver, R. M. (2017). Diagnostic Tests for Evaluation of Stillbirth: Results From the Stillbirth Collaborative Research Network. Obstetrics & Gynecology129(4), 699–706. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000001937
 
Page, J. M., & Silver, R. M. (2020). Stillbirth. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America47(3), 439–451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ogc.2020.04.008
 
Reddy, U. M., Page, G. P., Saade, G. R., Silver, R. M., Thorsten, V. R., Parker, C. B., Pinar, H., Willinger, M., Stoll, B. J., Heim-Hall, J., Varner, M. W., Goldenberg, R. L., Bukowski, R., Wapner, R. J., Drews-Botsch, C. D., O’Brien, B. M., Dudley, D. J., & Levy, B. (2012). Karyotype versus Microarray Testing for Genetic Abnormalities after Stillbirth. New England Journal of Medicine367(23), 2185–2193. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1201569
 
Silver, R. M., Varner, M. W., Reddy, U., Goldenberg, R., Pinar, H., Conway, D., Bukowski, R., Carpenter, M., Hogue, C., Willinger, M., Dudley, D., Saade, G., & Stoll, B. (2007). Work-up of stillbirth: A review of the evidence. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology196(5), 433–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2006.11.041

Horey, D., Flenady, V., Heazell, A. E., & Khong, T. Y. (2013). Interventions for supporting parents’ decisions about autopsy after stillbirth. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009932.pub2

Cacciatore, J., Schnebly, S., & Froen, J. F. (2009). The effects of social support on maternal anxiety and depression after stillbirth. Health & Social Care in the Community, 17(2), 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2524.2008.00814.x

Flenady, V., Boyle, F., Koopmans, L., Wilson, T., Stones, W., & Cacciatore, J. (2014). Meeting the needs of parents after a stillbirth or neonatal death. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 121, 137–140. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.13009

Koopmans, L., Wilson, T., Cacciatore, J., & Flenady, V. (2013). Support for mothers, fathers and families after perinatal death. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000452.pub3

O’Donoghue, K., O’Regan, K. N., Sheridan, C. P., O’Connor, O. J., Benson, J., McWilliams, S., Moore, N., Murphy, M. J., Chopra, R., Higgins, J. R., & Maher, M. M. (2012). Investigation of the role of computed tomography as an adjunct to autopsy in the evaluation of stillbirth. European Journal of Radiology, 81(7), 1667–1675.

Cacciatore, J., Schnebly, S., & Froen, J. F. (2009). The effects of social support on maternal anxiety and depression after stillbirth. Health & Social Care in the Community, 17(2), 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2524.2008.00814.x

Flenady, V., Boyle, F., Koopmans, L., Wilson, T., Stones, W., & Cacciatore, J. (2014). Meeting the needs of parents after a stillbirth or neonatal death. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 121, 137–140. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.13009

Koopmans, L., Wilson, T., Cacciatore, J., & Flenady, V. (2013). Support for mothers, fathers and families after perinatal death. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000452.pub3

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2011.03.093 Cacciatore, J., Schnebly, S., & Froen, J. F. (2009). The effects of social support on maternal anxiety and depression after stillbirth. Health & Social Care in the Community, 17(2), 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2524.2008.00814.x 

Flenady, V., Boyle, F., Koopmans, L., Wilson, T., Stones, W., & Cacciatore, J. (2014). Meeting the needs of parents after a stillbirth or neonatal death. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 121, 137–140. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.13009

Koopmans, L., Wilson, T., Cacciatore, J., & Flenady, V. (2013). Support for mothers, fathers and families after perinatal death. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000452.pub3

Page, J. M., Christiansen-Lindquist, L., Thorsten, V., Parker, C. B., Reddy, U. M., Dudley, D. J., Saade, G. R., Coustan, D., Rowland Hogue, C. J., Conway, D., Bukowski, R., Pinar, H., Heuser, C. C., Gibbins, K. J., Goldenberg, R. L., & Silver, R. M. (2017). Diagnostic Tests for Evaluation of Stillbirth: Results From the Stillbirth Collaborative Research Network. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 129(4), 699–706. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000001937

Cacciatore, J., Schnebly, S., & Froen, J. F. (2009). The effects of social support on maternal anxiety and depression after stillbirth. Health & Social Care in the Community, 17(2), 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2524.2008.00814.x 

Flenady, V., Boyle, F., Koopmans, L., Wilson, T., Stones, W., & Cacciatore, J. (2014). Meeting the needs of parents after a stillbirth or neonatal death. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 121, 137–140. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.13009

Koopmans, L., Wilson, T., Cacciatore, J., & Flenady, V. (2013). Support for mothers, fathers and families after perinatal death. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000452.pub3

Page, J. M., & Silver, R. M. (2020). Stillbirth. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America, 47(3), 439–451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ogc.2020.04.008

Cacciatore, J., Schnebly, S., & Froen, J. F. (2009). The effects of social support on maternal anxiety and depression after stillbirth. Health & Social Care in the Community, 17(2), 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2524.2008.00814.x

Flenady, V., Boyle, F., Koopmans, L., Wilson, T., Stones, W., & Cacciatore, J. (2014). Meeting the needs of parents after a stillbirth or neonatal death. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 121, 137–140. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.13009

Koopmans, L., Wilson, T., Cacciatore, J., & Flenady, V. (2013). Support for mothers, fathers and families after perinatal death. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000452.pub3

Reddy, U. M., Page, G. P., Saade, G. R., Silver, R. M., Thorsten, V. R., Parker, C. B., Pinar, H., Willinger, M., Stoll, B. J., Heim-Hall, J., Varner, M. W., Goldenberg, R. L., Bukowski, R., Wapner, R. J., Drews-Botsch, C. D., O’Brien, B. M., Dudley, D. J., & Levy, B. (2012). Karyotype versus Microarray Testing for Genetic Abnormalities after Stillbirth. New England Journal of Medicine, 367(23), 2185–2193. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1201569

Cacciatore, J., Schnebly, S., & Froen, J. F. (2009). The effects of social support on maternal anxiety and depression after stillbirth. Health & Social Care in the Community, 17(2), 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2524.2008.00814.x

Flenady, V., Boyle, F., Koopmans, L., Wilson, T., Stones, W., & Cacciatore, J. (2014). Meeting the needs of parents after a stillbirth or neonatal death. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 121, 137–140. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.13009

Koopmans, L., Wilson, T., Cacciatore, J., & Flenady, V. (2013). Support for mothers, fathers and families after perinatal death. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000452.pub3

Silver, R. M., Varner, M. W., Reddy, U., Goldenberg, R., Pinar, H., Conway, D., Bukowski, R., Carpenter, M., Hogue, C., Willinger, M., Dudley, D., Saade, G., & Stoll, B. (2007). Work-up of stillbirth: A review of the evidence. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 196(5), 433–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2006.11.041

Blood, C., & Cacciatore, J. (2014). Best practice in bereavement photography after perinatal death: Qualitative analysis with 104 parents. BMC Psychology, 2(15).

Bornemisza, A. Y., Javor, R., & Erdos, M. B. (2021). Sibling Grief over Perinatal Loss—A Retrospective Qualitative Study. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2021.2007650

Cacciatore, J. (2010). The Unique Experiences of Women and Their Families After the Death of a Baby. Social Work in Health Care, 49(2), 134–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/00981380903158078 

Davidson, D. (2018). The need for bereavement support following perinatal loss. Bereavement Care, 37(1), 31–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/02682621.2018.1444316

Davoudian, T., Gibbins, K., & Cirino, N. H. (2021). Perinatal Loss: The Impact on Maternal Mental Health. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey, 76(4), 223–233. https://doi.org/10.1097/OGX.0000000000000874 

Herbert, D., Young, K., Pietrusińska, M., & MacBeth, A. (2022). The mental health impact of perinatal loss: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 297, 118–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.026 

Kenner, C., Press, J., & Ryan, D. (2015). Recommendations for palliative and bereavement care in the NICU: A family-centered integrative approach. Journal of Perinatology, 35(S1), S19–S23. https://doi.org/10.1038/jp.2015.145 

Koopmans, L., Wilson, T., Cacciatore, J., & Flenady, V. (2013). Support for mothers, fathers and families after perinatal death. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000452.pub3 

Leon, I. G. (2009). Helping Families Cope with Perinatal Loss. The Global Library of Women’s Medicine. https://doi.org/10.3843/GLOWM.10418 

Roberts, L. R., Sarpy, N. L., Peters, J., Nick, J. M., & Tamares, S. (2022). Bereavement care immediately after perinatal loss in health care facilities: A scoping review protocol. JBI Evidence Synthesis, 20(3), 860–866. https://doi.org/10.11124/JBIES-21-00053 

Williams, T. (n.d.). Bereavement Care: The Development of Comprehensive Bereavement Resources for Families Who Experience Neonatal Loss. https://doi.org/10.17615/TWG2-7976 

Boyle, F. M., Horey, D., Middleton, P. F., & Flenady, V. (2020). Clinical practice guidelines for perinatal bereavement care—An overview. Women and Birth, 33(2), 107–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2019.01.008

Cacciatore, J. (2010). The Unique Experiences of Women and Their Families After the Death of a Baby. Social Work in Health Care, 49(2), 134–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/00981380903158078

Cacciatore, J., Thieleman, K., Fretts, R., & Jackson, L. B. (2021). What is good grief support? Exploring the actors and actions in social support after traumatic grief. PLOS ONE, 16(5), e0252324. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252324

Capitulo, K. L. (2005). Evidence for healing interventions with perinatal bereavement. MCN: The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing, 30(6), 389–396.

Carter, B. S. (2007). Neonatal and infant death: What bereaved parents can teach us. Journal of Perinatology, 27(8), 467–468. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jp.7211777

Dickens, J. (2020). Lactation after loss: Supporting women’s decision-making following perinatal death. British Journal of Midwifery, 28(7), 442–448. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjom.2020.28.7.442

Fernández‐Basanta, S., Coronado, C., & Movilla‐Fernández, M. (2020). Multicultural coping experiences of parents following perinatal loss: A meta‐ethnographic synthesis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 76(1), 9–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14211

Herbert, D., Young, K., Pietrusińska, M., & MacBeth, A. (2022). The mental health impact of perinatal loss: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 297, 118–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.026

Koopmans, L., Wilson, T., Cacciatore, J., & Flenady, V. (2013). Support for mothers, fathers and families after perinatal death. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000452.pub3

Minton, E. A., Wang, C. X., Anthony, C., & Fox, A. (2022). Advice from Bereaved Parents on Strategies to Heal After Baby Loss. OMEGA – Journal of Death and Dying, 003022282211335. https://doi.org/10.1177/00302228221133589

Noble-Carr, D., Carroll, K., & Waldby, C. (2021). Mapping Hospital-Based Lactation Care Provided to Bereaved Mothers: A Basis for Quality Improvement. Breastfeeding Medicine, 16(10), 779–789. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2021.0089

Watson, J., Simmonds, A., La Fontaine, M., & Fockler, M. E. (2019). Pregnancy and infant loss: A survey of families’ experiences in Ontario Canada. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 19(1), 129. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-019-2270-2

Bornemisza, A. Y., Javor, R., & Erdos, M. B. (2022). Sibling Grief over Perinatal Loss—A Retrospective Qualitative Study. Journal of Loss and Trauma27(6), 530–546. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2021.2007650

 
Bugge, K. E., Darbyshire, P., Røkholt, E. G., Haugstvedt, K. T. S., & Helseth, S. (2014). Young Children’s Grief: Parents’ Understanding and Coping. Death Studies38(1), 36–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2012.718037
 
Children’s Bereavement Center of South Texas. (2017). Out came the sun: Helping children as they grieve. Children’s Bereavement Center of South Texas.
 
Davidson, D. (2018). Sibling loss—Disenfranchised grief and forgotten mourners. Bereavement Care37(3), 124–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/02682621.2018.1535882
 
Koopmans, L., Wilson, T., Cacciatore, J., & Flenady, V. (2013). Support for mothers, fathers and families after perinatal death. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviewshttps://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000452.pub3
 
Leon, I. G. (2009). Helping Families Cope with Perinatal Loss. The Global Library of Women’s Medicinehttps://doi.org/10.3843/GLOWM.10418
 
O’Leary, J. M., & Gaziano, C. (2011). Sibling grief after perinatal loss. Journal of Prenatal and Perinatal Psychology and Health25(3), 173–193.
 
Pachalla, S., Witting, C., James, K., & Michelson, K. N. (2021). Interventions for Siblings, Extended Family, and Community Members after Pediatric Death. Journal of Loss and Trauma26(6), 519–526. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2020.1838778
 
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Beulen, L., van den Berg, M., Faas, B. H., Feenstra, I., Hageman, M., van Vugt, J. M., & Bekker, M. N. (2016). The effect of a decision aid on informed decision-making in the era of non-invasive prenatal testing: A randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Human Genetics24, 1409–1416. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2016.39
 
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Di Mattei, V., Ferrari, F., Perego, G., Tobia, V., Mauro, F., & Candiani, M. (2021). Decision-making factors in prenatal testing: A systematic review. Health Psychology Open8(1), 205510292098745. https://doi.org/10.1177/2055102920987455
 
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Special thanks to Star Legacy Foundation intern Alex Schleicher for her work on this document
Beulen, L., van den Berg, M., Faas, B. H., Feenstra, I., Hageman, M., van Vugt, J. M., & Bekker, M. N. (2016). The effect of a decision aid on informed decision-making in the era of non-invasive prenatal testing: A randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Human Genetics24, 1409–1416. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2016.39
 
Blakeley, C., Smith, D. M., Johnstone, E. D., & Wittkowski, A. (2019). Parental decision-making following a prenatal diagnosis that is lethal, life-limiting, or has long term implications for the future child and family: A meta-synthesis of qualitative literature. BMC Medical Ethics20(1), 56. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-019-0393-7
 
Di Mattei, V., Ferrari, F., Perego, G., Tobia, V., Mauro, F., & Candiani, M. (2021). Decision-making factors in prenatal testing: A systematic review. Health Psychology Open8(1), 205510292098745. https://doi.org/10.1177/2055102920987455
 
Dong, D., Ahmed, S., Nichini, E., Yi, H., Jafri, H., Rashid, Y., Ahmed, M., & Zhu, J. (2021). Decision making on antenatal screening results: A comparative Q‐method study of women from two Chinese cities. Health Expectations24(2), 363–376. https://doi.org/10.1111/hex.13178
 
Special thanks to Star Legacy Foundation intern Alex Schleicher for her work on this document
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