Star Legacy Foundation is committed to the pursuit of evidence-based practice as the key to reducing perinatal death in the United States. All Star Legacy Foundation publications, education and statements are based upon the best available evidence. In addition to research, we support many forms of evidence in healthcare including patient and provider experience.
For additional published research – search our online directory
Azpurua, H., Funai, E., Coraluzzi, L., Doherty, L., Sasson, I., Kliman, M., & Kliman, H. (2010). Determination of placental weight ssing two-dimensional sonography and volumetric mathematic modeling. American Journal of Perinatology, 27(02), 151–155. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1234034
Cronin, R. S., Li, M., Thompson, J. M. D., Gordon, A., Raynes-Greenow, C. H., Heazell, A. E. P., Stacey, T., Culling, V. M., Bowring, V., Anderson, N. H., O’Brien, L. M., Mitchell, E. A., Askie, L. M., & McCowan, L. M. E. (2019). An individual participant data meta-analysis of maternal going-to-sleep position, interactions with fetal vulnerability, and the risk of late stillbirth. EClinicalMedicine, 10, 49–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2019.03.014
Fisher, M. L., Whitworth, M., & Heazell, A. E. P. (2011). Green-Top Guideline 57: Reduced fetal movements. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelnes/gtg_57.pdf
Hasegawa, J., Matsuoka, R., Ichizuka, K., Sekizawa, A., & Okai, T. (2009). Ultrasound diagnosis and management of umbilical cord abnormalities. Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 48(1), 23–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1028-4559(09)60031-0
Heazell, A. E. P., Warland, J., Stacey, T., Coomarasamy, C., Budd, J., Mitchell, E. A., & O’Brien, L. M. (2017). Stillbirth is associated with perceived alterations in fetal activity – findings from an international case control study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 17(1), 369. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-017-1555-6
Heazell, A. E. P., Wojcieszek, A. M., Graham, N., & Stephens, L. (2019). Care in pregnancies after stillbirth and perinatal death. International Journal of Birth and Parent Education, 6(2), 23–28.
McGregor, J. A., & Perhach, M. (2021). Prenatal-onset GBS (POBGS) sepsis is a distinct cause of stillbirth and perinatal mortality. Group B Strep International. https://fr.groupbstrepinternational.org/uploads/1/1/7/3/117312377/figo_pogbs_poster_1360976.pdf
Metz, T. D., Berry, R. S., Fretts, R. C., Reddy, U. M., & Turrentine, M. A. (2020). Obstetric Care Consensus #10: Management of stillbirth. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 222(3), B2–B20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.01.017
Mills, T., Ricklesford, C., Cooke, A., Heazell, A., Whitworth, M., & Lavender, T. (2014). Parents’ experiences and expectations of care in pregnancy after stillbirth or neonatal death: A metasynthesis. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 121(8), 943–950. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.12656
Moore, S. E., & Côté-Arsenault, D. (2018). Navigating an uncertain journey of pregnancy after perinatal loss. Illness, Crisis & Loss, 26(1), 58–74. https://doi.org/10.1177/1054137317740802
Murphy, M., Savage, E., O’Donoghue, K., Leary, J. O., & Leahy-Warren, P. (2021). Trying to conceive: An interpretive phenomenological analysis of couples’ experiences of pregnancy after stillbirth. Women and Birth, 34(5), e475–e481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2020.10.016
O’Leary, J., Parker, L., Murphy, M. M., & Warland, J. (2021). Different baby, different story: Pregnancy and parenting after loss. Rowman & Littlefield.
Stacey, T., Thompson, J. M. D., Mitchell, E. A., Ekeroma, A. J., Zuccollo, J. M., & McCowan, L. M. E. (2011). Association between maternal sleep practices and risk of late stillbirth: A case-control study. BMJ, 342(jun14 1), d3403–d3403. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d3403
Stillbirth Collaborative Research Network Writing Group. (2011). Causes of death among stillbirths. JAMA, 306(22), 2459. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1823
Warland, J., Dorrian, J., Morrison, J. L., & O’Brien, L. M. (2018). Maternal sleep during pregnancy and poor fetal outcomes: A scoping review of the literature with meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 41, 197–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2018.03.004
Warland, J., Heazell, A. E. P., Stacey, T., Coomarasamy, C., Budd, J., Mitchell, E. A., & O’Brien, L. M. (2018). “They told me all mothers have worries”, stillborn mother’s experiences of having a ‘gut instinct’ that something is wrong in pregnancy: Findings from an international case–control study. Midwifery, 62, 171–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2018.04.009
Warland, J., McCutcheon, H., & Baghurst, P. (2008). Maternal blood pressure in pregnancy and stillbirth: A case-control study of third-trimester stillbirth. American Journal of Perinatology, 25(5), 311–317. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1075031
Wilson, B. (2008). Sonography of the placenta and umbilical cord. Radiologic Technology, 79(4), 333S-345S.
Yerlikaya, G., Akolekar, R., McPherson, K., Syngelaki, A., & Nicolaides, K. H. (2016). Prediction of stillbirth from maternal demographic and pregnancy characteristics: Prediction of stillbirth from maternal factors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology, 48(5), 607–612. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.17290
Horey, D., Flenady, V., Heazell, A. E., & Khong, T. Y. (2013). Interventions for supporting parents’ decisions about autopsy after stillbirth. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009932.pub2
Horey, D., Flenady, V., Heazell, A. E., & Khong, T. Y. (2013). Interventions for supporting parents’ decisions about autopsy after stillbirth. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009932.pub2
Cacciatore, J., Schnebly, S., & Froen, J. F. (2009). The effects of social support on maternal anxiety and depression after stillbirth. Health & Social Care in the Community, 17(2), 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2524.2008.00814.x
Flenady, V., Boyle, F., Koopmans, L., Wilson, T., Stones, W., & Cacciatore, J. (2014). Meeting the needs of parents after a stillbirth or neonatal death. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 121, 137–140. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.13009
Koopmans, L., Wilson, T., Cacciatore, J., & Flenady, V. (2013). Support for mothers, fathers and families after perinatal death. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000452.pub3
O’Donoghue, K., O’Regan, K. N., Sheridan, C. P., O’Connor, O. J., Benson, J., McWilliams, S., Moore, N., Murphy, M. J., Chopra, R., Higgins, J. R., & Maher, M. M. (2012). Investigation of the role of computed tomography as an adjunct to autopsy in the evaluation of stillbirth. European Journal of Radiology, 81(7), 1667–1675.
Cacciatore, J., Schnebly, S., & Froen, J. F. (2009). The effects of social support on maternal anxiety and depression after stillbirth. Health & Social Care in the Community, 17(2), 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2524.2008.00814.x
Flenady, V., Boyle, F., Koopmans, L., Wilson, T., Stones, W., & Cacciatore, J. (2014). Meeting the needs of parents after a stillbirth or neonatal death. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 121, 137–140. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.13009
Koopmans, L., Wilson, T., Cacciatore, J., & Flenady, V. (2013). Support for mothers, fathers and families after perinatal death. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000452.pub3
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2011.03.093 Cacciatore, J., Schnebly, S., & Froen, J. F. (2009). The effects of social support on maternal anxiety and depression after stillbirth. Health & Social Care in the Community, 17(2), 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2524.2008.00814.x
Flenady, V., Boyle, F., Koopmans, L., Wilson, T., Stones, W., & Cacciatore, J. (2014). Meeting the needs of parents after a stillbirth or neonatal death. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 121, 137–140. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.13009
Koopmans, L., Wilson, T., Cacciatore, J., & Flenady, V. (2013). Support for mothers, fathers and families after perinatal death. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000452.pub3
Page, J. M., Christiansen-Lindquist, L., Thorsten, V., Parker, C. B., Reddy, U. M., Dudley, D. J., Saade, G. R., Coustan, D., Rowland Hogue, C. J., Conway, D., Bukowski, R., Pinar, H., Heuser, C. C., Gibbins, K. J., Goldenberg, R. L., & Silver, R. M. (2017). Diagnostic Tests for Evaluation of Stillbirth: Results From the Stillbirth Collaborative Research Network. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 129(4), 699–706. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000001937
Cacciatore, J., Schnebly, S., & Froen, J. F. (2009). The effects of social support on maternal anxiety and depression after stillbirth. Health & Social Care in the Community, 17(2), 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2524.2008.00814.x
Flenady, V., Boyle, F., Koopmans, L., Wilson, T., Stones, W., & Cacciatore, J. (2014). Meeting the needs of parents after a stillbirth or neonatal death. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 121, 137–140. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.13009
Koopmans, L., Wilson, T., Cacciatore, J., & Flenady, V. (2013). Support for mothers, fathers and families after perinatal death. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000452.pub3
Page, J. M., & Silver, R. M. (2020). Stillbirth. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America, 47(3), 439–451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ogc.2020.04.008
Cacciatore, J., Schnebly, S., & Froen, J. F. (2009). The effects of social support on maternal anxiety and depression after stillbirth. Health & Social Care in the Community, 17(2), 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2524.2008.00814.x
Flenady, V., Boyle, F., Koopmans, L., Wilson, T., Stones, W., & Cacciatore, J. (2014). Meeting the needs of parents after a stillbirth or neonatal death. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 121, 137–140. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.13009
Koopmans, L., Wilson, T., Cacciatore, J., & Flenady, V. (2013). Support for mothers, fathers and families after perinatal death. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000452.pub3
Reddy, U. M., Page, G. P., Saade, G. R., Silver, R. M., Thorsten, V. R., Parker, C. B., Pinar, H., Willinger, M., Stoll, B. J., Heim-Hall, J., Varner, M. W., Goldenberg, R. L., Bukowski, R., Wapner, R. J., Drews-Botsch, C. D., O’Brien, B. M., Dudley, D. J., & Levy, B. (2012). Karyotype versus Microarray Testing for Genetic Abnormalities after Stillbirth. New England Journal of Medicine, 367(23), 2185–2193. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1201569
Cacciatore, J., Schnebly, S., & Froen, J. F. (2009). The effects of social support on maternal anxiety and depression after stillbirth. Health & Social Care in the Community, 17(2), 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2524.2008.00814.x
Flenady, V., Boyle, F., Koopmans, L., Wilson, T., Stones, W., & Cacciatore, J. (2014). Meeting the needs of parents after a stillbirth or neonatal death. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 121, 137–140. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.13009
Koopmans, L., Wilson, T., Cacciatore, J., & Flenady, V. (2013). Support for mothers, fathers and families after perinatal death. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000452.pub3
Silver, R. M., Varner, M. W., Reddy, U., Goldenberg, R., Pinar, H., Conway, D., Bukowski, R., Carpenter, M., Hogue, C., Willinger, M., Dudley, D., Saade, G., & Stoll, B. (2007). Work-up of stillbirth: A review of the evidence. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 196(5), 433–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2006.11.041
Blood, C., & Cacciatore, J. (2014). Best practice in bereavement photography after perinatal death: Qualitative analysis with 104 parents. BMC Psychology, 2(15).
Bornemisza, A. Y., Javor, R., & Erdos, M. B. (2021). Sibling Grief over Perinatal Loss—A Retrospective Qualitative Study. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2021.2007650
Cacciatore, J. (2010). The Unique Experiences of Women and Their Families After the Death of a Baby. Social Work in Health Care, 49(2), 134–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/00981380903158078
Davidson, D. (2018). The need for bereavement support following perinatal loss. Bereavement Care, 37(1), 31–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/02682621.2018.1444316
Davoudian, T., Gibbins, K., & Cirino, N. H. (2021). Perinatal Loss: The Impact on Maternal Mental Health. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey, 76(4), 223–233. https://doi.org/10.1097/OGX.0000000000000874
Herbert, D., Young, K., Pietrusińska, M., & MacBeth, A. (2022). The mental health impact of perinatal loss: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 297, 118–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.026
Kenner, C., Press, J., & Ryan, D. (2015). Recommendations for palliative and bereavement care in the NICU: A family-centered integrative approach. Journal of Perinatology, 35(S1), S19–S23. https://doi.org/10.1038/jp.2015.145
Koopmans, L., Wilson, T., Cacciatore, J., & Flenady, V. (2013). Support for mothers, fathers and families after perinatal death. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000452.pub3
Leon, I. G. (2009). Helping Families Cope with Perinatal Loss. The Global Library of Women’s Medicine. https://doi.org/10.3843/GLOWM.10418
Roberts, L. R., Sarpy, N. L., Peters, J., Nick, J. M., & Tamares, S. (2022). Bereavement care immediately after perinatal loss in health care facilities: A scoping review protocol. JBI Evidence Synthesis, 20(3), 860–866. https://doi.org/10.11124/JBIES-21-00053
Williams, T. (n.d.). Bereavement Care: The Development of Comprehensive Bereavement Resources for Families Who Experience Neonatal Loss. https://doi.org/10.17615/TWG2-7976
Boyle, F. M., Horey, D., Middleton, P. F., & Flenady, V. (2020). Clinical practice guidelines for perinatal bereavement care—An overview. Women and Birth, 33(2), 107–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2019.01.008
Cacciatore, J. (2010). The Unique Experiences of Women and Their Families After the Death of a Baby. Social Work in Health Care, 49(2), 134–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/00981380903158078
Cacciatore, J., Thieleman, K., Fretts, R., & Jackson, L. B. (2021). What is good grief support? Exploring the actors and actions in social support after traumatic grief. PLOS ONE, 16(5), e0252324. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252324
Capitulo, K. L. (2005). Evidence for healing interventions with perinatal bereavement. MCN: The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing, 30(6), 389–396.
Carter, B. S. (2007). Neonatal and infant death: What bereaved parents can teach us. Journal of Perinatology, 27(8), 467–468. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jp.7211777
Dickens, J. (2020). Lactation after loss: Supporting women’s decision-making following perinatal death. British Journal of Midwifery, 28(7), 442–448. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjom.2020.28.7.442
Fernández‐Basanta, S., Coronado, C., & Movilla‐Fernández, M. (2020). Multicultural coping experiences of parents following perinatal loss: A meta‐ethnographic synthesis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 76(1), 9–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14211
Herbert, D., Young, K., Pietrusińska, M., & MacBeth, A. (2022). The mental health impact of perinatal loss: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 297, 118–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.026
Koopmans, L., Wilson, T., Cacciatore, J., & Flenady, V. (2013). Support for mothers, fathers and families after perinatal death. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000452.pub3
Minton, E. A., Wang, C. X., Anthony, C., & Fox, A. (2022). Advice from Bereaved Parents on Strategies to Heal After Baby Loss. OMEGA – Journal of Death and Dying, 003022282211335. https://doi.org/10.1177/00302228221133589
Noble-Carr, D., Carroll, K., & Waldby, C. (2021). Mapping Hospital-Based Lactation Care Provided to Bereaved Mothers: A Basis for Quality Improvement. Breastfeeding Medicine, 16(10), 779–789. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2021.0089
Watson, J., Simmonds, A., La Fontaine, M., & Fockler, M. E. (2019). Pregnancy and infant loss: A survey of families’ experiences in Ontario Canada. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 19(1), 129. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-019-2270-2
Bornemisza, A. Y., Javor, R., & Erdos, M. B. (2022). Sibling Grief over Perinatal Loss—A Retrospective Qualitative Study. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 27(6), 530–546. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2021.2007650
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